Learning items
Explore shared ideas across books.
Philosophy
ConceptExternal-world hypothesis
A persisting world independent of perception can explain recurring sensory experiences.
ConceptStoic response to wrongdoing
A Stoic response can resist wrongdoing without allowing another person’s misconduct to dictate one’s own character.
ConceptAppearance and reality
The distinction between how an object appears under particular conditions and what it is independently of those appearances.
ConceptGratitude for moral learning
Recognizing who helped develop one’s character connects gratitude with ethical reflection.
ConceptDescription versus moral prescription
A claim about what occurs does not alone establish what ought to be done.
ConceptStoic social duty
In Marcus’s Stoic outlook, human rationality is connected with duties toward other people.
ConceptMortality and present action
Reflection on a finite life can focus attention on how to use the present.
VocabularySense-data
Russell's term for the immediately experienced colors, sounds and other sensory qualities.
ConceptExamining impressions
Examining an impression separates the apparent thing, its parts and one’s judgment about it.
ConceptExperimental test
A scientific model must answer to observations that can check its predictions.
ConceptPhysical cause and sensation
The physical process causing an experience is distinct from the experience itself.
ConceptPhysical and perceptual space
Physical spatial relations are distinguished from viewpoint-dependent spaces of experience.
ConceptSystematic doubt
A philosophical method tests beliefs by asking whether grounds for doubt can be found.
ConceptUnity of scientific explanation
Related levels of explanation connect fields without removing their distinctive questions.
All items includes definitions still awaiting topic classification.