Learning items
Explore shared ideas across books.
Mathematics & reasoning
ConceptSystem resilience
Resilience is the capacity to keep or regain essential function after disturbance.
VocabularyExtrapolation
Extrapolation applies a model beyond the range of observations used to support it.
VocabularyCounterfactual baseline
A counterfactual baseline describes the alternative outcome used to assess a change.
ConceptNonlinear relationship
A nonlinear relationship does not follow a single straight-line rule across its domain.
ConceptShort-run and long-run effects
The effects of a decision can differ across time horizons.
VocabularyLimit
A limit describes the value a quantity approaches under a specified process.
ConceptDelays and overshoot
Delayed information or action can cause a response to continue past a target.
ConceptReinforcing feedback
A loop can amplify changes by feeding its effects back into their causes.
ConceptParticipation measurement
A comparison needs a defined activity, population, and denominator.
ConceptStocks and flows
Stocks accumulate; inflows and outflows change their amounts over time.
ConceptBounded proportion
A proportion of a fixed defined population lies between zero and one.
ConceptLocal linear approximation
A smooth curve can often be approximated by its tangent line near a chosen point.
ConceptStarting point and optimum
The direction that moves toward an optimum depends on where the starting point lies.
ConceptBinary combinations
Each independent two-state position doubles the number of possible patterns.
All items includes definitions still awaiting topic classification.